Rabu, 29 September 2010

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Head First Ajax, by Rebecca M. Riordan

Ajax is no longer an experimental approach to website development, but the key to building browser-based applications that form the cornerstone of Web 2.0. Head First Ajax gives you an up-to-date perspective that lets you see exactly what you can do—and has been done—with Ajax. With it, you get a highly practical, in-depth, and mature view of what is now a mature development approach.

Using the unique and highly effective visual format that has turned Head First titles into runaway bestsellers, this book offers a big picture overview to introduce Ajax, and then explores the use of individual Ajax components—including the JavaScript event model, DOM, XML, JSON, and more—as it progresses. You'll find plenty of sample applications that illustrate the concepts, along with exercises, quizzes, and other interactive features to help you retain what you've learned.

Head First Ajax covers:

  • The JavaScript event model
  • Making Ajax requests with XMLHTTPREQUEST objects
  • The asynchronous application model
  • The Document Object Model (DOM)
  • Manipulating the DOM in JavaScript
  • Controlling the browser with the Browser Object Model
  • XHTML Forms
  • POST Requests
  • XML Syntax and the XML DOM tree
  • XML Requests & Responses
  • JSON -- an alternative to XML
  • Ajax architecture & patterns
  • The Prototype Library

The book also discusses the server-side implications of building Ajax applications, and uses a "black box" approach to server-side components.

Head First Ajax is the ideal guide for experienced web developers comfortable with scripting—particularly those who have completed the exercises in Head First JavaScript—and for experienced programmers in Java, PHP, and C# who want to learn client-side programming.

  • Sales Rank: #704484 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: O'Reilly Media
  • Published on: 2008-09-05
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.25" h x 1.07" w x 8.00" l, 2.10 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 528 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author

With twenty years experience in the field, Rebecca M. Riordan has earned an international reputation for designing and implementing computer systems that are technically sound, reliable, and effectively meet her clients' needs. Her particular area of expertise is database design and she is a five year Access MVP. Rebecca has also authored several database books and served as a senior technical support engineer for Microsoft's database products. As a Microsoft employee in Australia, Rebecca was the Senior technical support engineer for Microsoft's database products.

Most helpful customer reviews

8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Too many errors and no corrections on the Head First site.
By I. M. There
This book is not for the person learning on their own, or not in a class. Yes, I agree, Head First presentation is humorous, easy to read, etc., but there are many errors in syntax and code in this book. One needs to set up a server on their computer to run the code. In chapter 1 it says there is info in the Appendix "i", "the top ten topics we didn't cover", but there are only five, and the missing five are not online. I thought the problems were with the server I set up, but other code ran fine. The problem was the code itself. I could fix the syntax and typo errors, but being the student, I am not able to correct the code. It took me two days to figure out the code was the problem. When I saw there were errors in the second chapter also, I quit, and went looking for a better text. Maybe it was rushed to press, and not type read, but after a year, you'd expect that at least the files one downloads for the lessons would have been corrected. Head First was Head Dropped on this one.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
The best book on Ajax out there.
By Amer
Yup this is my favorite book on Ajax. I love Head First books but this one far exceeded my expectations.

Let me tell you a little bit about myself. I am a Java programmer with little bit of experience in web technologies. Before reading this book I had used JavaScript libraries such as [...] So Ajax was not a totally brand new technology for me.

I bought this book because for upcoming project, I wanted a deeper understanding of Ajax. Also sometimes, while using Scriptaculous, debugging was not easy, because I didn't know what was really going on behind the scenes.

After reading this book, I have better understanding of Ajax. This doesn't mean I am Ajax expert now and ready to write my own library. I will stick with existing libraries. But I feel this book has given me enough basic concepts of Ajax (and also some general web design concepts) that I can use Ajax libraries without breaking anything unintentionally.

I don't think I will read another book on Ajax unless I am doing some custom Ajax coding.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
More than just a book about AJAX
By James L Gillaspy
AJAX is almost the least of the skills you will learn or improve by reading this book. Yes, it covers the browser side of AJAX very well. But it also delves deeply into javascript, CSS, and the DOM, with many examples of the best way to write the code.

The server side, on the other hand, is left for the reader to download and browse through mostly on your own.

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Selasa, 28 September 2010

[M495.Ebook] Download Inverse Source Problems (Mathematical Surveys and Monographs), by Victor Isakov

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Inverse problems arise in many areas of mathematical physics, and applications are rapidly expanding to such areas as geophysics, chemistry, medicine, and engineering. The main theme of this book is uniqueness, stability, and existence of solutions of inverse problems for partial differential equations. Focusing primarily on the inverse problem of potential theory and closely related questions such as coefficient identification problems, this book will give readers an understanding of the results of a substantial part of the theory of inverse problems and of some of the new ideas and methods used. The author provides complete proofs of most general uniqueness theorems for the inverse problem of gravimetry, a detailed study of regularity properties (including examples of non-regular domains with regular potentials), counterexamples to uniqueness and uniqueness theorems, and a treatment of the theory of non-stationary problems. In addition, the book deals with the orthogonality method, formulates several important unsolved problems, and suggests certain technical means appropriate for further study; some numerical methods are also outlined. Requiring a background in the basics of differential equations and function theory, this book is directed at mathematicians specializing in partial differential equations and potential theory, as well as physicists, geophysicists, and engineers.

  • Sales Rank: #5246479 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: American Mathematical Society
  • Published on: 1990-08-20
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 10.00" h x 6.75" w x .75" l, 1.20 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 191 pages
Features
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Be better prepared for exam day! Available as a print or e-book, Wiley’s Part I FRM Practice Questions 2016 take you beyond memorizing formulae to ensure you can answer the challenging questions you will see on the FRM exam. Designed to quickly test your knowledge and evaluate the depth of your understanding of the key concepts that must be mastered for success on exam day. With comprehensive solutions to all the questions, you will quickly identify your weaker areas and learn from your mistakes.

  • 500+ Practice Questions
  • Answers and Explanations Available for Each Question
  • Questions Close to GARP Questions in Style and Format
  • Includes “Distractor” Questions – Typical Mistakes to Avoid

“A truly valuable resource that would aid anyone involved in finance, not just FRM candidates. Again, bravo!” - Mike McDonnell, USA

“…your material is more comprehensive, exam-focused and straight to the point.” - Yu Junl, Singapore

“I am very impressed with the quality of the material from Christian Cooper. “ - Ashish Natu, India

  • Sales Rank: #1419229 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-04-04
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 10.90" h x .95" w x 8.50" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 360 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
DO NOT BUY - loaded with mistakes.
By Ashley Velykis
I bought this along with the Wiley study guides. The amount of errors in these books is absolutely shameful,- from simple typos to flat out wrong information. I cannot imagine how they made through any kind of editing process. It is not even worth pointing out specifics because there are so many errors throughout the practice question and study guides.

The bottom line is do not buy this book or any FRM materials from Wiley

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
I don't think it's a good reference book
By mimiprincess
Some of the answers are wrong or confusing. I don't think it's a good reference book.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Explanations are poor. Missing informations
By Rabba
Explanations are poor. Missing informations, The book gives solutions without formula..sometines you don't understand calculation.
I don't recommend this book. I think that some questions aren't related to FRM I program (Real Exchange Rate..) because I don't see them in officials books and Kaplan.The Author uses some specifics non official expressions " Bumping factor" ?
I'm very upset !!.
I decided to throw it away this books. lot of mistakes I could'nt be support...

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  • Published on: 1998-05-21
  • Binding: Paperback

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In 1607, Powhatan teenager Pocahontas first encountered English settlers when John Smith was brought to her village as a captive. In 1920, the ratification of the 19th Amendment gave women the constitutional right to vote. And in 2012, the U.S. Marine Corps lifted its ban on women in active combat, allowing female marines to join the sisterhood of American women who stand at the center of this country's history. Between each of these signal points runs the multi-layered experience of American women, from pre-colonization to the present.

In American Women's History: A Very Short Introduction Susan Ware emphasizes the richly diverse experiences of American women as they were shaped by factors such as race, class, religion, geographical location, age, and sexual orientation. The book begins with a comprehensive look at early America, with gender at the center, making it clear that women's experiences were not always the same as men's, and looking at the colonizers as well as the colonized, along with issues of settlement, slavery, and regional variations. She shows how women's domestic and waged labor shaped the Northern economy, and how slavery affected the lives of both free and enslaved Southern women. Ware then moves through the tumultuous decades of industrialization and urbanization, describing the 19th century movements led by women (temperance, moral reform, and abolitionism), She links women's experiences to the familiar events of the Civil War, the Progressive Era, and World War I, culminating in 20th century female activism for civil rights and successive waves of feminism.

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ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

  • Sales Rank: #528851 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2015-02-15
  • Released on: 2015-02-15
  • Format: Kindle eBook

About the Author

A pioneer in the field of women's history and a leading feminist biographer, Susan Ware is the author and editor of numerous books on twentieth-century U.S. history. She currently serves as general editor of the American National Biography, and was designated Senior Advisor to the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard.

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0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Introduction to the field
By stpauley
Useful entry to women's history by a recognized authority.

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Jambalaya: The Natural Woman's Book of Personal Charms and Practical Rituals, by Luisah Teish

A Marvelous Blend
of Memoir, Folk Wisdom,
and Afro-American Beliefs.

Actress, storyteller, and priestess Luisah Teish dramatically re-creates centuries-old African-American traditions with music, memoir, and folk wisdom.

  • Sales Rank: #48723 in Books
  • Brand: Teish, Luisah
  • Published on: 1988-03-03
  • Released on: 1988-03-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.00" h x .65" w x 5.31" l, .48 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 288 pages
Features
  • Jambalaya: The Natural Woman's Book of Personal Charms and Practical Rituals

Review
""Jambalaya is a gift, open to all people, a gift of an ancient tradition, a gift of stories and celebrations, a gift of Teish's own history and voice, the voice of a strong, knowledgeable, and wise black woman." -- Starhawk, author of "Truth or Dare""A book of startling remembrances, revelations, directives, and imperatives, filled with the mysticism, wisdom, and common sense of the African religion of the Mother. It should be read with the same open-minded love with which it was written." -- Alice Walker, author of "The Color Purple""Teish reveals a wealth of new visions and ancient wisdom from a cultural heritage unknown to most readers. To a style of writing that is friendly and relaxed, Teish adds the spice of her wonderful sense of humor. This is a book that sharpens the intuitive sense in each of us and encourages us to that inner knowlcdge." -- Merlin Stone, author of "When God Was a Woman"

About the Author

Born and raised in New Orleans, Luisah Telsh is a priestess of Oshun in the Yoruba Lucumi tradition. She teaches classes on African goddesses, shamanism, and the Tambala tradition.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Chapter One

Growing Up Tipsy

Somehow I knew that there was much more going on than was apparent on the surface. My existence and that of the things going on around me caused me to question everything, always looking for the deeper meanings.

I was born in the city of the Voudoun--New Orleans, Louisiana. My paternal grandmother's shotgun house stands at 1018 St. Ann Street. The Maison Blanche, the former home of Mam'-zelle Marie La Veau, the voudou priestess for three generations, is recorded as being 1022 St. Ann Street. To this day my grandmother's house carries a sign that reads, "The Marie La Veau Apartments."

New Orleans-like the San Francisco Bay Area, where I now live-is a psychic seaport. The psychic energies of many people living and dead hovers over the city of New Orleans, possibly because of the water. Visitors to the city become "tipsy" after being there only a short time. "Tipsy" is the name given to that state of mind that precedes possession. (It is also used to mean slightly drunk.) I grew up tipsy.

I spent many days and nights in the dark, mysterious house of my grandmother, Maw-Maw Catherine Mason Allen, while my mother and father were at work.

Due to the limited perceptions of a child and the nature of memory, I can only describe it vaguely. I remember a big, toosoft, and bulky double bed in the middle room. This is the place where my cousin Frank Jr., took refuge from the whippings he seems always to have earned. He used to hide under this bed to smoke cigarettes; but for me smoke and Frank were not the only things hiding under that bed.

Perhaps I had eaten too many pickles that night and overindulged in the delicious teacakes and sweet potato turnovers my Maw-Maw used to bake in the woodstove. Whatever the external cause, when I laid my head on the duck-down pillow covered with an immaculate muslin pillowcase, I just couldn't sleep. Everything was so still and quiet that I could not tell whether the numerous and barely distinguishable adult relatives of mine were asleep in the front room or out for a night of church. I could have been there alone without concern because everybody on the block was somehow kin to me and would have come running at the slightest disturbance.

But tonight as Wind slipped slowly through the cracks in the wooden fence that enclosed the backyard, no one seemed to be afoot. At least, no one human. I could hear only the wind and the irregular tapping of Maw-Maw's white dog, who was born with only three legs. I was always afraid of that dog and kept a safe distance between us, not because he was in any ways vicious but because his eyes were always red and I had been told that he knew when somebody was going to die.

I lay there listening to his tapdance against the wind and stared at the ceiling thoughtlessly. After a period of time that I cannot judge, a feeling of apprehension began to creep over me. Somebody or something was moving snakelike and slowly under the bed.

Was it Frank? Had he crawled under it to avoid a whipping and fallen asleep? Had Maw-Maw's creepy dog gotten under the house and situated himself directly beneath the bed? When I asked myself these questions, Wind told me, "No, Cher." As my fear mounted, I became aware of a sensation of lifting subtly. My back seemed not to touch the buttons of the mattress. I kept rising and rising until I seemed to be five feet above the bed. I remember thinking that if I kept rising like this I was going to bump into the ceiling and smash my already flat nose. "I wanna go down," I said nervously inside my head, and at that moment my face seemed to sink through the back of my head so that my chest and feet were still facing the ceiling but my face was looking down at the bed. And what a sight it saw!

There under the bed was an undulating, sinewy, mass of matter as brown as the waters of the muddy Mississippi River. It was squeezing out from under the bed on all sides like a toothpaste tube with pin holes in it. The brown was taking forms, humanoid but undistinguishable by gender. They were getting higher, showing heads with eyes, bellies, legs, outstretched arms, and I was getting closer to the bed. My face, now only a few inches from the sheet returned to the other side of my head, and as my body descended I looked at these brown humanoids towering over me. I seemed to shake uncontrollably, my muscles moved about as if I had no bones. I opened my mouth, screamed but the sound was made only inside my head. The brown-folk seemed to take a deep breath as my body settled on the mattress. They touched me and their matter slipped into my muscles and ran through my veins. The floodgates opened and as a warm astringent liquid sank into the mattress, I sank into sleep.

I remember telling my mother about this dream. She laughed, stroked my head and asked me if I recognized any of the people who had come from under the bed. I told her, "No, Ma'am," and the matter was forgotten.

This happened when I was about five years old. Twenty-three years later I got a piece of an explanation of its meaning. A Puerto Rican woman water-gazed for me, and-without knowing my story--told me to make two dolls for my unknown ancestors and keep them under my bed.

Across the street from Maw-Maw's house was a classic French Quarter home complete with veranda and cast-iron lattice work. I used to sit on the steps of my grandmother's house and stare at the balcony. There was a little girl, brown-skinned . . .

Most helpful customer reviews

80 of 85 people found the following review helpful.
A very good book on practical American voudou.
By Renee Byrd
As a Northern black kid raised by Southern black parents, I recommend this book to people raised like me. It answers about as many questions as it raises.

Being of a Western mindset, I eventually gave up ever trying to find some way to make voudou more accessable to me. I may be African-American, but I'm neither African nor Cuban. Teish's book is primarily about the voudou of New Orleans, which is mixed with Catholicism, Amerind and Western pagan traditions. I think I've found in-road.

Want the story on the woman responsible for modern American Voudou, Man'zelle Marie LaVeau? On the voudou-Catholic connection? On how the Seven African Powers relate to the saints, the planets and the elements? On what is meant by "the devil is beating his wife?" Want to get scared out of making a spirit doll for yourself? How about getting guided away from hexing as a way of life?

This ... is a good book. If you've gotten frustrated when trying to learn about voudou, this is a great place to start.

38 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
For everyone who wants to learn the truth about Voodoo.
By A Customer
I loved the fact that Teish put this book in the context of returning home and telling her personal story of coming to Voodoo. As a black woman who is drawn to many Pagan paths but especially looking for something that reflects my ancestry, this book really reverberated with me. Teish includes everything from the beginnings of Voodoo in W. African and its development in America, to altars for specific Gods, humorous anecdotes, spells for many purposes, etc. etc. etc. A much-overlooked but much-needed addition to any Pagan library.

20 of 21 people found the following review helpful.
A breath of fresh air.
By A Customer
So many books on Spirit set off my bog-o-meter, but this is not one of them. Teish is a fabulous teacher, story-teller, and leader. I refer to my copy of _Jambalaya_ so often, I've really got to get a new copy.
A beautiful book about a beautiful spiritual path.

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Parkinson's Disease and other Movement Disorders (Oxford Specialist Handbooks), by Mark J Edwards, Maria Stamelou, Niall Quinn, Kailash P



Parkinson's Disease and other Movement Disorders (Oxford Specialist Handbooks), by Mark J Edwards, Maria Stamelou, Niall Quinn, Kailash P

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Parkinson's Disease and other Movement Disorders (Oxford Specialist Handbooks), by Mark J Edwards, Maria Stamelou, Niall Quinn, Kailash P

This is the second edition of the Oxford Specialist Handbook in Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders aiming to provide its readership with the latest developments and innovation across the discipline. Alongside this update in content, the addition of new, insightful sections suggested by readers and other experts in the field, will allow the handbook to further develop as the premier quick reference guide for movement disorders.

The varied and detailed composition of the handbook's chapters is extremely useful for the various readership of this title. The new edition advances the the knowledge and depth of the previous edition with the addition of a number of new sections. This new and improved edition will be a welcome and extremely useful addition to the neurological world.

  • Sales Rank: #343056 in Books
  • Published on: 2016-04-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 4.00" h x .50" w x 7.10" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 368 pages

Review
Review from previous edition 'The individual segments are well-edited, illustrative, and accompanied by excellent narration.' Neurology 'The book's clinical focus and detailed sections on theraputics are its biggest assets.' Neeraj Kumar, MD, Neurology '...a comprehensive, portable, and robust reference on Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders...a more useful way of accessing movement disorders-related information than even Google. Recommended.' ACNR

About the Author

Mark J Edwards, Eleanor Peel Chair for the Study of Aging, Professor of Neurology, St George's University, London, UK,Maria Stamelou, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Second Department of Neurology, University of Athens, and Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece,Niall Quinn, Emeritus Professor of Clinical Neurology and Honorary Consultant Neurologist, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK,Kailash P Bhatia, Professor of Clinical Neurology and Honorary Consultant Neurologist, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London

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What's Math Got to Do with It?: How Teachers and Parents Can Transform Mathematics Learning and Inspire Success, by Jo Boaler

“Highly accessible and enjoyable for readers who love and loathe math.” —Booklist

A critical read for teachers and parents who want to improve children’s mathematics learning, What’s Math Got to Do with It? is “an inspiring resource” (Publishers Weekly). Featuring all the important advice and suggestions in the original edition of What’s Math Got to Do with It?, this revised edition is now updated with new research on the brain and mathematics that is revolutionizing scientists’ understanding of learning and potential.

As always Jo Boaler presents research findings through practical ideas that can be used in classrooms and homes. The new What’s Math Got to Do with It? prepares teachers and parents for the Common Core, shares Boaler’s work on ways to teach mathematics for a “growth mindset,” and includes a range of advice to inspire teachers and parents to give their students the best mathematical experience possible.

  • Sales Rank: #51865 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2015-04-28
  • Released on: 2015-04-28
  • Format: Kindle eBook

Review
"For any parent who's ever heard a child declare, 'I hate math.'"
-Jim Trelease, author of The Read-Aloud Handbook

" Parents and educators alike will count this book an inspiring resource."
-Publishers Weekly

" Highly accessible and enjoyable for readers who love and loathe math."
-Booklist

About the Author
DR. JO BOALER is a professor of mathematics education at Stanford University. The author of seven books and numerous research articles, she serves as an advisor to several Silicon Valley companies and is a White House presenter on girls and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math). She recently formed youcubed.org to give teachers and parents the resources and ideas they need to inspire and excite students about mathematics.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

“Without doubt, this is the most important book parents should read before choosing a school for their child, and teachers should read when considering ways to improve their math teaching. A compelling, readable account of years of research into what works, and what doesn’t, in mathematics education.”

—Keith Devlin, PhD, Stanford University mathematician, award-winning author of The Math Gene and thirty-one other books, and the Math Guy on NPR

“Jo Boaler vividly shows us—rather than just telling us—what terrific math instruction looks like and, equally important, how sharply it differs from how the subject is usually taught. What’s Math Got to Do with It? is the first book I recommend to teachers and parents who want to understand the harms of conventional ways of teaching math as well as the benefits of realistic alternatives.”

—Alfie Kohn, author of The Schools Our Children > Deserve and Feel-Bad Education

“There is so much wisdom packed into this engaging little book. Boaler sensibly addresses current hot topics—the Common Core, mind-set, ability grouping, gender differences—but goes way behind them to consider the nature of mathematics itself and offers a wealth of practical advice to parents, teachers, and policy makers. More than ever, we need books on education like his one.”

—Mike Rose, author of Possible Lives: The Promise of Education in America

“What’s Math Got to Do with It? comes the closest of anything that I have read to a manifesto that I would provide to parents to help them better understand the importance of good teaching of interesting and complex mathematics.”

—Journal for Research in Mathematics Education

“Jo Boaler shows that math is understandable, and that it can be fun to get your head around it—but that it’s often taught in ways that make it dry and deadly. She points to the beauty and joy of mathematics, and ways that math classrooms can become centers of lively mathematical thinking. American children deserve a richer mathematical diet than we’ve given them, and Boaler shows how and why.”

—Alan H. Schoenfeld, Elizabeth and Edward Conner Professor of Education, University of California, Berkeley

“This extraordinary book shows teachers and parents the path to teaching children to enjoy math while they develop deep and flexible understanding. The author practices what she preaches; using systematic research she and others have conducted on two continents, she makes learning about math teaching accessible and fun.”

—Deborah Stipek, I. James Quillen Dean and Professor of Education, Stanford University

“Jo Boaler makes a powerful case for a problem-solving approach to teaching mathematics, and she presents the research to back it up. This book should be read by anyone concerned about the education of our children.”

—Deborah Schifter, principal research scientist, Education Development Center, Inc.

“Jo Boaler explains with insight and clarity why so many students dislike mathematics and what the rest of us can do about it. Her solutions are comprehensive, grounded in research, and powerfully applied by parents, teachers, and anyone else with an interest in mathematics.”

—Dan Meyer, Apple Distinguished Educator and one of Tech & Learning’s 30 Leaders of the Future

WHAT’S MATH GOT TO DO WITH IT?

Jo Boaler is a professor of mathematics education at Stanford University and the cofounder of YouCubed. She is also the editor of the Research Commentary section of The Journal for Research in Mathematics Education (JRME) and author of the first Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on mathematics teaching and learning. Former roles have included being the Marie Curie Professor of Mathematics Education in England. She is the recipient of several awards, an adviser to Silicon Valley companies, and a White House presenter on girls and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education. She is a regular contributor to national television and radio in the United States and the UK. Her research has appeared in newspapers around the world including the Wall Street Journal, the Times (London), and the Telegraph (UK).

Published by the Penguin Group

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First published in the United States of America by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 2008

Published in Penguin Books 2009

This revised edition published 2015

Copyright © 2008, 2015 by Jo Boaler

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

Photographs by the author unless otherwise indicated.

ISBN 978-1-101-99205-0

While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers, Internet addresses, and other contact information at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors or for changes that occur after publication. Further, publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party Web sites or their content.

Acknowledgments

This book has been a journey of opportunities. Over recent years I have been able to learn from some of America’s most inspirational teachers and their students, and to work alongside visionary friends and colleagues who have broadened and enriched my thinking. I am deeply grateful to many people in California, particularly at Stanford University and in Bay Area schools, who made this book possible.

This book was conceived at a very special place: the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in California, a place devoted to the generation of ideas. I had given a presentation to the other fellows at the center, a group of scholars who worked in different areas of social science research, on the results of my studies of mathematics learning. The group responded strongly, with expressions of shock and dismay, and they urged me to get my results out to the general public. They convinced me to write a book proposal for a broader audience and many people—in particular Susan Shirk, Sam Popkin, and David Clark—supported me along the way.

From that point I was greatly encouraged by my agent Jill Marsal and Kathryn Court, of Penguin Books, both of whom believed in the book, which meant a lot to me. I wrote the book in the stimulating environment of Stanford’s Graduate School of Education, surrounded by a group of graduate students who served as critics and supporters. I would personally like to thank all of my doctoral students, past and present, who contributed to the mathematics education group at Stanford.

I have learned a great deal from some truly inspirational teachers in recent years—among them Cathy Humphreys, Carlos Cabana, Sandie Gilliam, Estelle Woodbury, and Ruth Parker. They change students’ lives on a daily basis and I am privileged to have been able to work with them and learn from them. Cathy is a good friend who has helped me in many ways. I am also deeply grateful to the students of Railside, Greendale, Hilltop, Amber Hill, and Phoenix Park schools; they all gave me their honest and insightful feedback on their mathematics learning experiences and they are the reason that I wrote this book.

I am fortunate to have had some great teachers of my own in my life—including Professors Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam, both of whom encouraged me in important ways at an early point in my academic career and kindly read chapters of this book for me. Professor Leone Burton, one of my strongest supporters, will be greatly missed by many people. Most of all I would like to thank my two daughters, Jaime and Ariane, for putting up with me when I lock myself away to write!

Preface to the New Edition

Introduction

In 2008, when What’s Math Got to Do with It? was first published, the United States was in the grip of endless multiple-choice testing and widespread math failure, brain research was in its infancy, and a group of traditional mathematicians was working tirelessly to stop school reforms. Fast-forward to 2015 and the landscape has changed with the emergence of incredible new research on the brain and learning, which is being acknowledged and acted upon. The White House has convened numerous meetings over the past few years where researchers, myself included, have talked about mathematics, mind-set, and equity. The traditional mathematicians have lost their voice, and many more people are receptive to the idea of a future in which all children can learn mathematics to high levels. These changes pave the way for the creation of mathematics classrooms in which students are excited to learn and teachers are armed with the most important knowledge that inspires students to achieve excellence in math.

I love books. I enjoy reading and writing them, but the Internet has helped me to achieve something that is very important to my long-term professional mission. In the summer of 2013, I tried an experiment. A few months earlier I had been introduced to Sebastian Thrun, an amazing man who invented self-driving cars, led Google teams developing Google Maps and Google Glass, and is the CEO of Udacity. The world of free online courses, or MOOCs (massive open online courses), is generally attributed to Sebastian and his colleague Peter Norvig, who is the director of research at Google. Sebastian and Peter decided to put one of Sebastian’s Stanford computer science courses online. One hundred sixty thousand people registered for the course, and the MOOC world began. Sebastian went on to create Udacity, an online-course provider, and some months later asked me to help with course design. The time I spent at Udacity was enough to give me the knowledge I needed to design my own course. Putting knowledge about the brain and math learning into the hands of our nation’s teachers and parents would change everything and lent itself perfectly to online courses that could share information widely. I designed my courses to make them engaging and interactive, but the levels of interest in the classes surpassed my greatest hopes. To date more than 130,000 people—teachers, parents, and students—have taken my online courses entitled “How to Learn Math,” and they are now armed with the critical information that I will share in this book.

I took Udacity’s idea that online courses should not be talking heads and adopted their principle that professors should not talk for more than two minutes before engaging the learners in a task. I didn’t have much time, with a full-time job teaching at Stanford, researching, and looking after a large team of doctoral students, but I spent every spare moment on weekends and in the evenings creating my experimental course. The course appeared on Stanford’s online platform in the summer of 2013 but was not advertised in any way. The course opened with approximately five thousand registrants, but word of mouth spread quickly, and by the time the course finished at the end of the summer more than forty thousand teachers and parents had enrolled. Many MOOCs have high enrollment, but generally only a small proportion of the people who register end up taking the courses. This was not the case with my course, and an impressive 63 percent of people completed most of the course. Even more rewardingly, at the end of the course 95 percent of teachers and parents said that they would change their teaching/parenting as a result of the ideas they had learned in the class. In the months after my class, news of the ideas spread, hundreds of videos were posted to YouTube, my in-box was flooded, and requests for speaking engagements increased. So many teachers and parents asked for continued access to the new ideas that Cathy Williams and I launched YouCubed. YouCubed initially was a nonprofit company but now is a center at Stanford. In the summer of 2014, I published a new online course getting the same powerful ideas straight to students, and within a few months of the course opening eighty-five thousand students had taken the class or been shown the videos by their teachers.

I do not think that online courses are the most powerful medium for learning—I would always rather interact with groups of learners face-to-face and have them discuss ideas with each other—but online courses allow wide-scale access to important knowledge that urgently needs to be shared and that cannot depend on parents finding their way to high-quality teaching in their local area. I have been frustrated over the years by universities encouraging professors to publish research on learning only in academic journals, which are read by other academics and do not get to the people who need them—teachers and parents. Important knowledge on ways to learn effectively is usually locked away in journals and libraries unless researchers choose to publish their findings in different, more accessible ways and universities do not penalize them for doing so. This is what motivated me to publish the first edition of What’s Math Got to Do with It? and to update this edition with the latest research and practical information on ways to help all learners of mathematics.

When I wrote the original edition of What’s Math Got to Do with It? the field of mathematics education had a large body of research on ways to teach and learn mathematics well. We knew how to empower math learners, but the research was not getting to teachers or being used in classrooms. If you walk into most math classrooms in the United States, particularly at the high school level, you would think you had been transported into the Victorian age. For the most part teachers are still at the front of the room lecturing on methods, students are still at desks learning to calculate by hand, and the mathematics being taught is three-hundred-year-old mathematics that is not needed in the modern world.1 In elementary classrooms across the United States, students are turned away from mathematics on a daily basis by timed tests and speed competitions, which we know can cause the early onset of math anxiety for many students.2, 3, 4 We have the research knowledge to change this and for classrooms to become places where all students are inspired by mathematics. In the last decade, important new research on the brain and learning has emerged, which is critical for math teachers, math learners, and parents everywhere.

Mind-set and Mathematics

In 2006, a trade book appeared on bookshelves that ultimately would have one of the biggest impacts of any research volume ever published in education. In Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Stanford Professor Carol Dweck summarized key findings from her research on the nature and impact of mind-sets. The book quickly became a New York Times bestseller and was translated into more than twenty languages. Dweck’s decades of research with people of various ages showed that students with a “growth mind-set”—who believe that intelligence and “smartness” can be learned—go on to higher levels of achievement, engagement, and persistence. The implications of this mind-set are profound, especially for students of mathematics.

When I returned to Stanford in 2010, one of the first things I did was arrange to meet Carol Dweck. She agreed with me that mathematics is the subject most in need of a mind-set makeover and that mathematics teachers are the group who could benefit the most with knowledge of mind-set. Since that meeting we have been working together, writing, researching, and collaborating with teachers.

Mathematics, more than any other subject, has the power to crush students’ confidence. The reasons are related both to the teaching methods that prevail in US math classrooms and the fixed ideas about mathematics held by the majority of the US population and passed on to our children from birth. One of the most damaging mathematics myths propagated in classrooms and homes is that math is a gift—that some people are naturally good at math and some are not.5, 6 This idea is strangely cherished in the Western world but virtually absent in Eastern countries such as China and Japan that top the world in mathematics achievement.7

New scientific evidence showing the incredible capacity of the brain to change, rewire, and grow in a really short time8 tells us that all students can learn mathematics to high levels with good teaching experiences. Traditional educators believe that some students do not have the brains to be able to work on complex mathematics, but it is working on complex mathematics that enables brain connections to develop. Students can grasp high-level ideas, but they will not develop the brain connections that allow them to do so if they are given low-level work and negative messages about their own potential.9

As I work with schools and districts encouraging mathematics teaching that promotes growth rather than fixed mind-sets (see www.youcubed.org), a critical requirement is that teachers offer mathematics as a learning subject, not a performance subject. Most students when asked what they think their role is in math classrooms say it is to answer questions correctly. They don’t think they are in math classrooms to appreciate the beauty of mathematics, to explore the rich set of connections that make up the subject, or even to learn about the applicability of the subject. They think they are in math classrooms to perform. This was brought home to me recently when a colleague, Rachel Lambert, told me her six-year-old son had come home saying he didn’t like math. When she asked him why, he said, “Math is too much answer time and not enough learning time.” Students from kindergarten upward realize that math is different from other subjects: learning gives way to answering questions and taking tests—performing.

For students to see mathematics as a subject of learning, they need tasks and questions in math class that allow for learning. Chapter 3 will show some of these tasks and how they are used in classrooms. Teachers need to stop giving the wrong messages to students, whether through grouping, grading, or short, narrow math problems, which themselves imply that math is a question of the right or wrong answer rather than a learning subject. In chapters 4 and 5, I will describe the highly productive ways that teachers can grade, assess, and group students. The students who suffer most from fixed-mind-set thinking are high-performing girls, and chapter 6 will explain more about this phenomenon and ways we can give girls a positive and equitable future. Chapter 7 is focused on the important role parents can play and provides suggestions for activities and advice that can be used in the home.

One of the most interesting findings from research on the brain to emerge over recent years is something that I try to communicate as widely as I can. We now know that when students make a mistake in math, their brain grows, synapses fire, and connections are made.10 This finding tells us that we want students to make mistakes in math class and that students should not view mistakes as learning failures but as learning achievements.11 But students everywhere feel terrible when they make a mistake. They think it means they are not a “math person.” We need to change this thinking by telling students that mistakes are productive. When I talk to teachers about this research they often say, “But surely students have to work through their error and see why it is a mistake for brains to grow.” This is a reasonable assumption, but students do not even need to know they have made a mistake for brains to grow. What research tells us is that when a mistake is made there are two potential brain sparks: the first one comes when we make a mistake but are not aware of the mistake; the second comes when we realize we have made a mistake. How can this be? How can our brains grow when we do not even know we have made a mistake? The best knowledge we have on this question tells us that our brains grow when we make mistakes because those are times of struggle, and our brains grow the most when we are challenged and engaging with difficult, conceptual questions.

Carol Dweck and I sometimes present together in workshops for teachers and parents. One of the pieces of advice Carol gives to parents in our workshops is that when children come home from school and say that they got all of their work correct that day, parents should say, “Oh, I am sorry, then you didn’t get the opportunity to learn today.” She is making a good point, and we need to shift teachers’ and students’ thinking about what they should aim for in mathematics lessons. Teachers care deeply about their students, and it is typical to arrange math lessons so that students are getting most of their work correct. This makes students feel good, but it is not the most productive learning environment for them. We need to change math lessons to make them challenging for all students, and we need to change students’ mind-sets so that they know it is productive to struggle and make mistakes and that they should feel comfortable doing so.

While I was sitting in an elementary classroom in Shanghai recently, the principal leaned over to tell me that the teacher was calling on students who had made mistakes to share with the whole class so that they could all learn. The students seemed pleased to be given the opportunity to share their incorrect thinking. Instead of mathematics classroom lessons filled with short questions that students are intended to get right or wrong, they need to be filled with open-ended tasks that include space for learning as well as space for struggle and growth. YouCubed provides examples of the most productive tasks students should work on at home and in school.

Mathematics and the Common Core

The new Common Core mathematics standards (www.core standards.org) have prompted considerable controversy across the United States. Most of the opponents of the Common Core are politically motivated. Some oppose the Common Core because of the tests that are being written to assess the new standards, but opposing the Common Core because of the standardized tests is somewhat misguided since the tests are not part of the Common Core and really are a separate policy decision, which should be considered outside of the curriculum. Others oppose the Common Core curriculum because their children are successful in the traditional model of math teaching, and they want to keep that advantage. The most curious opposition comes from parents who say that the math in the Common Core is too hard for their children. So what do we know about the Common Core, from research? And is its introduction in the United States a good or a bad thing?

The Common Core math curriculum is not the curriculum I would have designed if I had had the chance. It still has far too much content that is not relevant for the modern world and that turns students off mathematics, particularly in the high school years, but it is a step in the right direction—for a number of reasons. The most important improvement is the inclusion of a set of standards called the “mathematical practices.” The practice standards do not set out knowledge to be learned, as the other standards do, but ways of being mathematical. They describe aspects of mathematics such as problem solving, sense making, persevering, and reasoning. It is critically important that students work in these ways; these actions have been part of curricula in other countries for many years. Now that these methods of thinking are part of the US curriculum, students should be spending time in classrooms using mathematics in these ways.

The inclusion of these practices means that the tasks students work on will change. Students will be given more challenging tasks and spoon-fed less. Instead of being told a method and then practicing it, they will need to learn to choose, adapt, and use methods. Students need to learn to problem solve and persist when tasks are longer or more challenging. This is really important work for teachers and students. My main problem with the Common Core standards is that they require teachers to engage students in thinking about what makes sense and problem solving; but such activities, which involve going deeper into the mathematics, take more time. In the elementary and middle grades, the content has been reduced so that teachers and students can take the time to work in these productive ways, but the high school standards are as packed as ever with obsolete content that works against teachers being able to go into depth and give students the experiences they need. For more information on the potential impact of the Common Core go to http://youcubed.org/parents/2014/why-we-need-common-core-math.

Many people think that countries such as China, who top the world in mathematics achievement, do so by drilling students in content, but this is far from the truth. In Shanghai, the highest scoring region of China, I watched numerous high school lessons, and in no lesson did the teachers work on more than three questions in an hour. What was staggering was the depth to which teachers and students delved into each question, exploring every aspect of the mathematics. In all of the lessons, the students talked more than the teacher as they discussed what they were learning. We recorded one of the lessons, and it can be seen on YouCubed. This is a model of mathematics teaching that we need in the United States.

Currently, more than half of all US students fail mathematics, and mathematics is a harshly inequitable subject.12, 13 When our classrooms change—when students are encouraged to believe that they can be successful in mathematics and are taught using the high-quality teaching methods we know work—the landscape of mathematics teaching and learning in the United States will change forever. This book gives readers—whether teachers, administrators, or parents—the knowledge needed to make the important changes required for our students in the United States and for the future of our society. I hope you enjoy it, whether you are a new reader or one of the many who read the original What’s Math Got to Do with It?, and are looking to be reenergized by the new ideas shared within this updated edition.

Zurijeta

Introduction

Understanding the Urgency

Most helpful customer reviews

11 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Wish all principals/school officials had to read this!
By Amazon Customer
I am a math teacher who has abandoned the school system and tutors now. Jo Boaler has all the right ideas on how to excite students and turn them into thinkers instead of test performers who really don't learn anything. Students should love math, problem solving and exploration. Sadly, the school system in the US is not going to change anytime soon, so we parents, grandparents and tutors will have to carry the load for those we can help. This book is great in helping people understand why we want to change the way math is taught and how to start doing that. Also visit Jo's website for more ideas

7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
A must read for parents, teachers and school administrators!
By Chaoskeeper
This book is outstanding! The first edition helped our district change our mathematics program. Teachers couldn't stop talking about the valuable information and ideas. Now the latest edition has so much more new information from research. This is definitely a book that can make a difference. Definitely enjoyable and easy to read, I couldn't put it down!

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A very important story, well told, for all teachers and parents.
By Ross Turner
This book tells a very important story, in an extremely accessible way, supported by a huge volume of research. A must read for all teachers and parents at least. Have you ever felt you are no good at maths? Or worse, that you want to run a mile whenever you see something maths-like? Professor Boaler explains some of the ways this is caused, and she demonstrates how it can be avoided for those not yet afflicted and how it might be remedied in those who have such fears. In the running for my most important book of the year.

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